Here's a great link on "inappropriate elimination":
http://catinfo.org/?link=litterbox
and here is the list of
Top reasons for a cat to stop using the litter box:
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Dirty litter box(es)
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Poor choice of litter form (using pellets/crystals/non-clumping litter which are uncomfortable to walk on and do not allow for complete urine removal)
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Poor location of litter box(es)
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Blocked from the box by a dominant feline housemate
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Unable to relax and get to the box, or use it, due to fear of a strange human, dog, active child, loud noise, etc., in the house environment
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Box size is too small
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Too few boxes
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Medical problem(s) - This should always be a serious consideration.